Problematic rodent sulforaphane studies

January 5, 2021January 19, 2021 gettingwell4 < 0 Detracted from science, Epigenetics, Stress Control group, Genetic factors

I was asked to give an example of Human relevance of rodent sulforaphane studies. I’ll use the 2020 Sulforaphane Diminishes the Formation of Mammary Tumors in Rats Exposed to 17β-Estradiol.

1. This study’s sulforaphane dose was “100 μmol/kg SFN..gavage regimen on Monday, Wednesday and Friday for 56 weeks.” From the October 2019 Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters? “Allometric scaling uses the correction factor for rat doses 0.162” and this graphic:

Interpreting the human-relevant range:

Interpreting that 8% of the rodent studies were clinically relevant to human sulforaphane doses as a lower boundary (1.43 µmol / kg) and tolerable to humans as an upper boundary (4 µmol / kg):

A human equivalent of this study’s dose is (100 μmol/kg x .162) = 16.2 µmol / kg. See the original blog post for a study showing that a majority of both treatment and control group subjects will refuse and stop with sulforaphane doses less than half of this study’s human equivalent.

2. From Week 28, “The maximum lifespan for rats and humans were set to 3.8 years and 122.5 years, respectively.” A human-equivalent multiplication factor that can be applied to a rat post-development time period is 122.5 / 3.8 = 32.2.

Assuming this study’s subjects could achieve maximum lifespan, a human equivalent of 56 weeks is (56 x 32.2) ≈ 1,803 weeks, or ≈ 34.7 years.

3. Let’s assert that the main purpose of animal studies is to help humans.

Was it possible for this study to achieve this goal when it used intolerable human-equivalent sulforaphane doses for a period equivalent to over three decades of our lives?

Yet its Discussion section proposed that it’s useful for human guidance on:

Obesity;
Breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women;
Hormone status;
Phospholipids for cellular health and homeostasis;
Serum free fatty acids and triglycerides; and
Lipid metabolism and DNA damage.

4. These researchers definitely knew what this study was going to do. A coauthor of the above referenced 2019 paper was also a coauthor of this study, who “conceived the original study design and supervised the project.”

Why did they do it? The coauthor’s shared apology – published in the October 2019 paper – for these types of studies was:

“Animal studies have not delivered all that might be expected of them. Pre-clinical experimentalists have not thought carefully about the selection of dose (or route) and its relevance to clinical utility.

Authors of this review have contributed to this dose skewing.”

This study was published in July 2020.

It wasn’t just a waste of resources. It detracted from science because people won’t recognize that its findings are inapplicable to humans.

Part 2 of Switch on your Nrf2 signaling pathway

January 3, 2021November 27, 2021 gettingwell4 5+ stars Premium, Epigenetics, Hypothalamus, Immune system, Limbic system, Memory, Stress Brain neurons, Control group, DNA methylation, Genetic factors

To follow up topics of Part 1‘s interview:

1. “We each have a unique microbial signature in the gut. Metabolites that you produce might not be the same ones that I produce. This makes clinical studies very difficult because you don’t have a level playing field.”

This description of inter-individual variability could inform researchers’ investigations prior to receiving experimental results such as:

Part 2 of Eat broccoli sprouts for DIM finding that 10 people eating 200 μmol glucobrassicin produced responses thousands of percent different for the highest and lowest individuals;
Microwave broccoli seeds to create sulforaphane finding that 10 people ingesting a 200 μmol sulforaphane dose produced sulforaphane and its metabolites in blood plasma for the highest and lowest individuals that were > 500% (2.032 / 0.359 μmol) apart;
Does sulforaphane reach the colon? finding that of 11 people ingesting a 102 μmol sulforaphane dose, 1 had no response, and responses of 2 were more than ten times greater than 2 others; and
Rub some broccoli sprouts on it finding that of 7 people receiving a topical 5 nM sulforaphane dose, 2 had no response at all.

Post-experimental analysis with statistical packages of these types of results is required. But it doesn’t produce meaningful explanations for such individual effects.

Analysis of individual differences in metabolism can better inform explanations, because it would investigate causes for widely-variable effects. Better predictive hypotheses could be a result.

2. Today I’m starting my 40^th week of eating a clinically-relevant amount of microwaved 3-day-old broccoli sprouts every day. To encourage sulforaphane’s main effect of Nrf2 signaling pathway activation, I won’t combine broccoli sprouts with anything else either during or an hour before or after.

I had been taking supplements at the same time. This interview got me thinking about the 616,645 possible combinations of my 19 supplements and broccoli sprouts.

That’s way too many to be adequately investigated by humans. Especially because contexts for each combination’s synergistic, antagonistic, or additive activities may be influenced by other combinations’ results.

I’ll just eat food and take supplements outside of this sulforaphane window.

I’ve taken 750 mg fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) twice a day for sixteen years. I’ve considered it as my only prebiotic. Hadn’t thought of either of these points:

“Polyphenols are now considered to be a prebiotic food for microflora in the gut. They tend to focus on producing additional amounts of lesser known species like Akkermansia muciniphila, and have a direct prebiotic effect. Microbiota break these big, bulky molecules down into smaller metabolites, which clearly are absorbed. Some beneficial effects that come from polyphenols are not from the original molecule itself, but from a variety of metabolites produced in the gut.

We use a prebiotic, actually called an immunobiotic, which is a dead lactobacillus plantarum cell optimised for its cell wall content of lipoteichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acid attaches to toll-like receptor 2, and that sets off a whole host of immune-modulating processes, which tend to enhance infection control and downregulate inflammation and downregulate allergenicity.”

3. “Quinone reductase is critical because it is the final enzyme in the phase two detox pathway that stops DNA being mutated or prevents deformation of DNA adducts which are mutagenic. I want to look at genes that govern redox balance, inflammation, detoxification processes, cellular energetics, and methylation.”

Gene functional group classifications are apparently required in studies, to accompany meaningless statistics. When I’ve read papers attaching significance to gene functional groups, it often seemed like hypothesis-seeking efforts to overcome limited findings.

I’ll start looking closer when study findings include Nrf2 signaling pathway targets quinone reductase, DNA damage marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase.

4. I bolded “unregulated inflammation” in Part 1 because it’s a phrase I’d ask to be defined if that site enabled comments. Thinking on inflammation seems to come from:

“We focus on the intestinal epithelial cell as a key player because if you enhance function of that cell, and Nrf2 is part of that story, once you get those cells working as they should, they are modulating this whole underlying immune network.”

An environmental signaling paradigm of aging and Reevaluate findings in another paradigm have a different focus. That paradigm looks at inflammation in the context of aging:

“A link between inflammation and aging is the finding that inflammatory and stress responses activate NF-κB in the hypothalamus and induce a signaling pathway that reduces production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by neurons.

The case is particularly interesting when we realize that the aging phenotype can only be maintained by continuous activation of NF-κB. So here we have a multi-level interaction:

Activation of NF-κB leads to

Cellular aging, leading to

Diminished production of GnRH, which then

Acts (through cells with a receptor for it, or indirectly as a result of changes to GnRH-receptor-possessing cells) to decrease lifespan.

Cell energetics is not the solution, and will never lead to a solution because it makes the assumption that cells age. Cells take on the age-phenotype the body gives them.

Aging is not a defect – it’s a programmed progressive process, a continuation of development with the body doing more to kill itself with advancing years. Progressive life-states where each succeeding life-stage has a higher mortality (there are rare exceptions).

Cellular aging is externally controlled (cell non-autonomous). None of those remedies that slow ‘cell aging’ (basically all anti-aging medicines) can significantly extend anything but old age.

For change at the epigenomic/cellular level to travel up the biological hierarchy from cells to organ systems seems to take time. But the process can be repeated indefinitely (so far as we know).”

Part 2 of Eat broccoli sprouts for DIM

December 30, 2020July 6, 2021 gettingwell4 4-5 stars Advanced knowledge, Epigenetics, Immune system, Memory, Stress, Testosterone Control group

Continuing Part 1 with three DIM studies, the first of which was a 2020 chemical analysis investigating:

“Anti-estrogenic, anti-androgenic, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonistic activities of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) acid condensation products.

I3C is a breakdown product [isothiocyanate] of glucobrassicin. Most biological activities attributed to I3C are believed to result from its acid condensation products, as it is expected that after ingestion of cruciferous vegetables, I3C is completely converted in the stomach before it reaches the intestine.

The reaction mixture was prepared from I3C under acidic conditions. Based on the various HPLC peaks, 9 fractions were collected and tested.

DIM (3,3-diindolylmethane) displayed clear estrogenic activity, showing an additive effect when co-exposed with low concentrations of E2 [estradiol] (below EC₅₀) [effective concentration that gives half-maximal-response of a biological pathway]. However, an anti-estrogenic activity was observed when DIM was co-exposed with higher concentrations of E2, i.e. above EC₅₀. None of the nine fractions was able to inhibit response of E2.

I3C and DIM showed clear anti-androgenic activities when co-exposed with concentrations of T [testosterone] at EC₅₀ or EC_max. DIM showed a relatively strong antagonistic activity, and was able to completely inhibit response of T.

All fractions displayed an AhR agonist activity. Poor activity of fraction 3 seems surprising, as it contains ICZ, which was shown to be a strong AhR agonist. This is a strong indication that ICZ is only present at a very low concentration.

Observed estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects of the reaction mixture are most likely due to DIM.

The present study is the first that demonstrates that DIM also possesses anti-estrogenic properties when co-administered with E2 concentrations above EC₅₀. Rather than ICZ, LTr₁ and several other compounds present in fractions 1 and 4 (CTr), and larger molecules present in fractions 7, 8 (LTe₁) and 9 seem responsible for observed AhR activity of the reaction mixture.”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535220302811 “Acid condensation products of indole-3-carbinol and their in-vitro (anti)estrogenic, (anti)androgenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activities”

I came across this study as a result of its citation in Brassica Bioactives Could Ameliorate the Chronic Inflammatory Condition of Endometriosis.

A second 2016 study was with humans:

“Forty-five subjects consumed vegetables, a mixture of brussels sprouts and/or cabbage, at one of seven discrete dose levels of glucobrassicin ranging from 25 to 500 μmol, once daily for 2 consecutive days.

‘Blue Dynasty’ cabbage contained 33.5 ± 4.0 μmol glucobrassicin per 100 grams food weight. ‘Jade Cross’ brussels sprouts contained 206.0 ± 12.9 μmol per 100 grams.

At 50 μmol, variability in 24-hour urinary DIM levels appears to stem from both within an individual and between individuals. At 200 and 500 μmol dose levels, most variability is coming from between individuals rather than within an individual.

Inter-individual DIM variability may reflect the relative benefit an individual derives from consuming glucobrassicin from vegetables, responsive not only to how much glucobrassicin was consumed but also to variations in I3C uptake and DIM metabolism, many of which are not characterized.

Dose curve between glucobrassicin dose (25–500 μmol) [25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500] and urinary DIM. Bars represent SD. Estimated parameters in the original scale (95% CI): Maximum DIM 421.5 pmol/mL (154.7–1,148.4), minimum DIM 5.4 pmol/mL (0.7–44.3), EC₅₀ 90.2 μmol (29.1–151.3).

We conclude that urinary DIM is a reliable biomarker of glucobrassicin exposure and I3C uptake and that feeding glucobrassicin beyond 200 μmol did not consistently lead to more urinary DIM. Our data support the notion that cancer-preventive properties that might be derived from cruciferous vegetable consumption may require neither a large quantity of vegetables nor high-dose supplements.”

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5220883/ “Harnessing the Power of Cruciferous Vegetables: Developing a Biomarker for Brassica Vegetable Consumption Using Urinary 3,3′-Diindolylmethane”

1. Most subjects had trouble eating 500 μmol / 242.72 grams of Jade Cross brussels sprouts:

“At the 500 μmol dose level, two subjects could not finish due to the taste of the raw Brussels sprouts and were reassigned to 50 μmol dose level.

Two of the remaining five subjects at the 500 μmol dose level “Did not eat all of the assigned vegetables.” 🙂 That amount of brussels sprouts may have made two more sick because one “Missed one void during 2–6 hour collection period” and another “Missed 2 voids during the 6–12 hour collection period.”

2. From its supplementary material, there were ten subjects who ate a 200 μmol glucobrassicin dose. That’s a lot of raw cabbage (179.10 g) and brussels sprouts (67.96 g).

On Day 1 at the 2-6 hour point, Subject 27’s urinary DIM measured 10.21 pmol/mL and Subject 20’s measured 991.88, > 9700% higher.
At that 2-6 hour point on Day 2, the same subjects measured 16.15 and 687.44 pmol/mL, > 4200% higher.
From Table 1, their respective Mean 24-h DIM ± SE, pmol/mL measurements were 20.7 ± 4.0 and 1105 ± 45, > 5300% higher.

The 100 μmol glucobrassicin dose was 149.25 g Blue Dynasty cabbage and 24.27 g Jade Cross brussels sprouts. Could you eat that every day?

3. There’s sufficient data to make individual DIM bioavailability calculations. Don’t know why this study didn’t do that, nor did any of its 18 citing papers.

One study came close for broccoli and radish sprouts, 2017’s Bioavailability and new biomarkers of cruciferous sprouts consumption (not freely available) by researchers in the same group as Our model clinical trial for Changing to a youthful phenotype with broccoli sprouts. They didn’t disclose and analyze individual DIM bioavailability evidence, though:

“Broccoli and radish sprouts content in GB [glucobrassicin] were ~11.4 and ~7.7 μmol/20 g F.W, respectively. After ingestion of broccoli sprouts, 49% of GB was suitably metabolised and excreted as hydrolysis metabolites, calculated as the sum of I3C and DIM (~5.57 μmol /24 h). Following radish ingestion, the percentage of GB hydrolysed and absorbed was 38% (~2.92 μmol /24 h).

These results of bioavailability contrast with the extremely low percentage (< 1%) of GB excreted as DIM after consumption of Brussels sprouts and cabbage in a previous study (Fujioka, et al., 2014). Further studies about conversion of other indole GLS [glucosinolates] to I3C and DIM are needed to know more about bioavailability of these compounds, as there is no information in literature.”

A ten-subject study in Microwave broccoli seeds to create sulforaphane found inter-individual variability of sulforaphane and its metabolites in blood plasma for the highest and lowest individuals was > 500% (2.032 / 0.359 μmol). The urinary % of dose excreted by the same subjects was > 400% higher (86.9% and 19.5%, respectively.)

These studies present an opportunity for further discovery:

Which researchers will try to understand causal experiences in people’s lives that produced such effects?
Which researchers will produce evidence for factors that make people responsively either alive or dead to external influences on their internal environment?
Where are studies that show when an individual needs to change their responses – their phenotype – they can successfully do so?

Herding, the story of 2020

Part 2 of Sprouting hulled oats

December 27, 2020December 28, 2020 gettingwell4 4-5 stars Advanced knowledge, Epigenetics, Immune system, Stress Control group, Embryo development

In Sprouting hulled oats, seeds were sprouted at 21°C (70°F) for 3 days. That post ended with a question raised by Oat sprouts analysis regarding desirability of enzymes.

Here’s that study’s analysis of its hulled oat variety’s enzymes, excluding results not pertinent to this post. There was neither a 72-hour measurement period nor a 20°C 60-hour period analyzed. Interpolate measurements accordingly.

1. α-amylase enzyme was described as:

“Alpha-amylase plays a key role during germination since it catalyzes hydrolysis of α-1,4 glucosidic linkages of starch, yielding maltose and glucose necessary for seedling development. Activity of this enzyme increased considerably during oat sprouting [reference to Degree of oat sprouting] but it is also de novo synthesized during this process.

High glucose content in sprouted flour can increase its glycemic index (GI). Foods with low GI are beneficial due to low postprandial glucose response compared to foods with a high GI. Selection of germination conditions is crucial to modulate α-amylase activity in oat for obtaining healthier sprouted flours with lower GI.”

A. 3-day-old hulled oat sprouts probably don’t have “High glucose content.” Studies such as Optimization of Oat Amylase During Sprouting to Enhance Sugar Production found:

“Maltose was the primary sugar, though there was a detectable but smaller amount of glucose.”

B. I understand that researchers have adopted a glycemic index. Does that one dimension indexed on glucose at 100 adequately inform health-choice decisions about oat sprout α-amylase enzyme content?

What’s the point of indexing healthy choices like sprouted whole grains to unhealthy choices that healthy people aren’t going to make anyway?

2. Increased protease enzyme activity was analyzed as desirable, and used as an optimization parameter.

3. Lipase activity increased from 18°C 60-hour to 20°C 96-hour measurements in the above graphic. All sprouted oat lipase levels were below unsprouted control oat flour, however:

“Lipase activity decreased in sprouted var. Meeri flour during germination. Our results suggest that there must be an important lipase activity in oat hull.

Lipase hydrolyse triglicerides to free fatty acids that are prone to oxidation and cause rancidity of cereal flours. According to our results, use of dehulled oat grains is desirable to obtain sprouted oat flours with increased stability and longer shelf life.”

Don’t know which enzyme is responsible for mild throat burn after eating 3-day-old hulled oat sprouts. It isn’t unpleasant, just unexpected. Research so far indicates that people pay for catalytic enzymes that increase proteolytic and digestive activity.

What if we index health decisions on a standard at 100 of drinking a beer first thing in the morning? Would anything scaled by that one dimension inform fine tuning of health-choice decisions?

“Woke up this morning and I got myself a beer
The future’s uncertain and the end is always near”

A case for carnitine supplementation

December 27, 2020December 27, 2020 gettingwell4 4-5 stars Advanced knowledge, Brain development, Epigenetics, Immune system, Memory, Stress Antidepressants, Brain neurons, Control group, Genetic factors, Inherited disease, Neural plasticity

This 2020 review subject was carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and its other molecular forms:

“Carnitine is necessary to deliver long-chain fatty acids from cytosol into mitochondria. Carnitine homeostasis is maintained by diet and renal absorption, as only a small amount (about 25%) is obtained by endogenous biosynthesis.

Defective fatty acid oxidation occurs with reduced intracellular levels of carnitine, leading to glucose consumption instead of lipid consumption, resulting in hypoglycemia. Non-metabolized lipids accumulate in tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, and liver, resulting in myopathy and hepatic steatosis.

2000 mg/day is unlikely to provoke unwanted side effects and is safe for humans. In-depth studies are needed to identify a unique method of analysis which can guarantee efficient monitoring of supplement active component amounts.”

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/9/2127/htm “The Nutraceutical Value of Carnitine and Its Use in Dietary Supplements”

The review listed animal studies of L-carnitine alone and in combination with:

Vitamin D3;
Coenzyme Q₁₀;
Nicotinamide riboside;
Selenium;
L-arginine;
Anti-histamine drugs cetirizine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate; and
Hypertension drug olmesartan.

Human studies of its effects included:

Muscle soreness, damage biomarkers, and cramps;
Osteoarthritis knee pain and inflammation markers;
Ischemic cerebrovascular injury;
Peripheral neuropathy;
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;
Insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes;
Kidney diseases;
Inherited diseases phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine;
Stress, depression, and anxiety;
Male infertility; and
Hepatitis C.

Week 37 of Changing to a youthful phenotype with broccoli sprouts

December 20, 2020March 19, 2021 gettingwell4 4-5 stars Advanced knowledge, Beliefs, Cerebrum, Cortisol, Dopamine, Glutamate, Limbic system, Lower brain, Memory, Neurochemicals, Primal Therapy, Stress Conscious awareness, Control group, Genetic factors, Happiness, Levels of consciousness, Neurodegenerative disease, Unconscious feelings, Unconscious memories

1. Been wrong about a few things this past week:

A. I thought in Week 28 that extrapolating A rejuvenation therapy and sulforaphane results to humans would produce personal results by this week. An 8-day rat treatment period ≈ 258 human days, and 258 / 7 ≈ 37 weeks.

There are just too many unknowns to say why that didn’t happen. So I’ll patiently continue eating a clinically relevant 65.5 gram dose of microwaved broccoli sprouts twice every day.

The study’s lead researcher answered:

“Depends, it might take 37 weeks or more for some aspects of ‘youthening’ to become obvious. It might even take years for others.

Who really cares if you are growing younger every day?

For change at the epigenomic/cellular level to travel up the biological hierarchy from cells to organ systems seems to take time. But the process can be repeated indefinitely (so far as we know) so by the second rejuvenation you’re already starting at ‘young’. (That would be every eight to ten years I believe.)”

His framework is in An environmental signaling paradigm of aging.

B. I thought that adding 2% mustard seed powder to microwaved broccoli sprouts per Does sulforaphane reach the colon? would work. Maybe it would, maybe it wouldn’t, but my stomach and gut said that wasn’t for me.

C. I thought I could easily add Sprouting whole oats to my routine. I ran another trial Sprouting hulled oats using oat seeds from a different company and Degree of oat sprouting as a model.

2. Oat sprouts analysis paired studies were very informative, don’t you think? One study produced evidence over 18 germination-parameter combinations (hulled / dehulled seeds of two varieties, for 1-to-9 days, at 12-to-20°C).

Those researchers evaluated what mix of germination parameters would simultaneously maximize four parameters (β-glucan, free phenolic compounds, protease activity, and antioxidant capacity) while minimizing two (enzymes α-amylase and lipase). Then they followed with a study that characterized oat seeds sprouted under these optimal conditions.

I doubted PubMed’s “oat sprout” 20 search results for research 1977 to the present. Don’t know why they didn’t pick up both of these 2020 studies, but I’m sure that .gov obvious hindrances to obtaining relevant information like this won’t be fixed. What other search terms won’t return adequate PubMed results?

3. The blog post readers viewed this week that I made even better was Do delusions have therapeutic value? from May 2019. Sometimes I’ve done good posts describing why papers are poorly researched.

4. I’ve often changed my Week 4 recipe for an AGE-less Chicken Vegetable Soup dinner (half) then the next day for lunch. The biggest change brought about by 33 weeks of behavioral contagion is that I now care more about whether vegetables are available than whether or not they’re organic. Coincidentally, I’ve developed a Costco addiction that may require intervention.

1/2 lemon
4 Roma tomatoes
4 large carrots
6 stalks organic celery
6 mushrooms
6 cloves garlic
6 oz. organic chicken breast fillet
1 yellow squash, alternated with 1 zucchini
1 cup sauvignon blanc
32 oz. “unsalted” chicken broth, which still contains 24% of the sodium RDA

Pour wine into a 6-quart Instant Pot; cut and strain squeezed lemon; cut chicken into 1/4″ cubes and add; start mixture on Sauté. Wash and cut celery and stir in. Wash and cut carrots and stir in.

When pot boils around 8 minutes, add chicken broth and stir. Wash mushrooms, slicing into spoon sizes.

Wash and slice yellow squash / zucchini. Crush and peel garlic, tear but don’t slice. Turn off pot when it boils again around 15 minutes.

Wait 2-3 minutes for boiling to subside, then add yellow squash / zucchini, mushrooms, garlic, whole tomatoes. Let set for 20 minutes; stir bottom-to-top 5 and 15 minutes after turning off, and again before serving.

AGE-less Chicken Vegetable Soup is tasty enough to not need seasoning.

Oat sprouts analysis

December 20, 2020December 25, 2020 gettingwell4 5+ stars Premium, Epigenetics, Glutamate, Immune system, Neurochemicals, Stress Control group, Embryo development, Genetic factors

A research group published two 2020 studies on sprouting oat seeds. Their first study produced evidence over a range of germination parameters (hulled / dehulled seeds of two varieties, for 1-to-9 days, at 12-to-20°C):

“The aim was to investigate the influence of germination period and temperature on protein profile, bioactive potential (β-glucan and phenolic contents), antioxidant capacity, and on activity of enzymes (α-amylase, protease and lipase) from hulled and dehulled oat varieties. Multi-response optimization was used to identify optimal germination conditions that maximize sprouted oat flour quality.

Hulled (variety Barra) and dehulled (variety Meeri) germination was performed in dark at different temperatures (12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 ◦C) and duration (24, 60, 96, 156, and 216 h).

Germination at 16 ◦C for 216 h and 20 ◦C for 96 h produced the highest protein accumulation in varieties Barra and Meeri, respectively.

Germination for short periods (24–96 h) combined with medium temperatures (12–16 ◦C) retained β-glucan levels, but longer germination times (156–216 h) caused reductions of 47–64%. Endogenous β-glucanases increase activity during germination, causing hydrolysis of β-glucan.

Free phenolic compound content was between 1.6-fold and 2.8-fold higher when germination took place at high temperatures (16–18 ◦C) for longer times.

Antioxidant capacity was between 1.4 and 4.5-fold higher. High temperatures (16–18 ◦C) and longer germination times (156–216 h) positively influenced antioxidant capacity.

The effect of germination conditions strongly depended on genetic diversity and presence/absence of hull.

Optimal germination conditions maximize contents of β-glucan, free phenolic compounds, protease activity, and antioxidant capacity, and minimize activity of undesirable enzymes α-amylase and lipase. For variety Meeri, that corresponded to 18 ◦C and time 120 h.”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0023643820309440 “Changes in protein profile, bioactive potential and enzymatic activities of gluten-free flours obtained from hulled and dehulled oat varieties as affected by germination conditions” (not freely available)

Their second 2020 study analyzed properties of 4-day-old oat sprouts. Dehulled oat seeds (variety Meeri) were soaked at room temperature for 4 hours, then germinated in darkness at 18°C with humidity ≥ 90%.

“Sprouted oat powder was an excellent source of protein (10.7%), β-glucan (2.1%), thiamine, riboflavin, and minerals (P, K, Mg and Ca). It presented better amino acid and fatty acid compositions, and levels of γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA], free phenolics, and antioxidant capacity than control.

Protein content (g/100 g) and amino acid profile (g/100 g protein). Different letters within a row indicate p ≤ 0.05 statistical differences.

During germination, proteins are partially hydrolyzed increasing availability of free amino acids. Activity of glutamate decarboxylase enzyme is enhanced.

However, no significant reduction of glutamate content was observed. Glutamate is used for GABA and protein synthesis, but it is also produced by protein hydrolysis, glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase cycle, and GABA transaminase reactions.

Sprouted oat powder exhibited 2.5-fold higher SPC [soluble (free) phenolic compounds] levels. De novo synthesis of phenolic compounds or liberation of phenolic compounds that are linked to macromolecules due to cell wall dismantling during germination could explain enhancement of SPC.

Sprouted oat powder displayed a 3-fold higher antioxidant capacity. Release of bound phenolic compounds and de novo synthesis of avenanthramides might be responsible.

Hydrolysis of β-glucan might also cause an increase in oxygen radical absorbance capacity. β-glucan oligosaccharides exhibit high radical scavenging activity and reducing power, and that could be related with exposure of their active hydroxyl groups and decrease of intermolecular hydrogen bonding during germination.”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814620318343 “Sprouted oat as a potential gluten-free ingredient with enhanced nutritional and bioactive properties” (not freely available)

Both studies started germination by:

“Twenty grams of oat seeds were used for germination. Soaking (1:6 ratio, w/v) was performed at room temperature (20 ◦C ±2 ◦C) for 4 h.”

Neither study included estimates of germination rates. I contacted the corresponding coauthor for that information, and they replied:

“The germination rate in hulled oat varieties was around 95% and in
dehulled one around 55-70% depending on the germination conditions.”

Degree of oat sprouting

December 18, 2020December 26, 2020 gettingwell4 2-3 stars Required further work, Epigenetics, Immune system, Stress Control group, Embryo development

This 2019 study investigated oat sprout parameters:

“Huskless oat ‘Gehl’ cultivated in 2016 in Canada, was used throughout the study. Grains (500 g) were sprouted at different temperatures (10, 14, 20, 25, and 30°C) and for different times (1, 2, and 3 days). Changes in vitamin C, β‐glucan, and reducing sugar were monitored, and α‐amylase activity was studied as a marker for total enzyme activity.

Mass fraction of radicle [root] and coleoptile [shoot] in grain correlated very well with β‐glucan level. A similarly good correlation was found for the much easier applicable degree of sprouting, visual assessment of coleoptile length set into relation to grain size.

Germinability after 3 days was about 99% at all temperatures. Temperatures between 20° and 25°C yielded the most dramatic changes in properties of sprouted oats.

At 3 days, α‐amylase activities at 20° and 25°C increased significantly to values one order of magnitude larger than those for other temperatures.

β‐glucan content was decreased after 3 days at all temperatures. Degradation was most pronounced at 20°C, almost halving initial β‐glucan content to 3.9%.

No ascorbic acid was present in native grain. Upon sprouting, a significant increase in ascorbic acid content was found – except at 30°C – with highest levels at 20°C.

Ascorbic acid content in radicles and coleoptile was four times higher than that in grain without radicles and coleoptile. Oat grains sprouted for 3 days at 20°C had an average degree of sprouting of 3; hence, radicles and coleoptile contributed about 8% of mass. These findings indicate that a fast visual determination of degree of sprouting allows to estimate, for example, ascorbic acid content without doing expensive experiments.

Around 20% of grains sprouted at 20° and 25°C had a coleoptile longer than a full grain length (degree of sprouting 5). Less long coleoptiles developed at other temperatures.

For the 3‐day sprouting period, the longest coleoptile was observed for sprouting at 25°C.

At 30°C average degree of sprouting was 1.4, and grains showed no practical radicle growth.

Coleoptile and radicle growth (input parameters for the degree of sprouting) and reducing sugars and α‐amylase activity are interdependent. Degree of sprouting could develop into a reliable characterization method for sprouted grains, usable for predicting compositional and nutritional changes of oats during sprouting.”

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cche.10203 “Sprouting of oats: A new approach to quantify compositional changes”

Relative humidity wasn’t mentioned in this study. I asked the corresponding coauthor about it, since two Sprouting oats studies stated relative humidity as a factor for sprouting oats.

I also asked them to explain their “4.5‐hr wet steeping, 19‐hr air rest, and 4‐hr steeping, all at 20°C” procedures to start germination, since I didn’t have access to the cited study. No reply yet.

This was my model study for Sprouting hulled oats.

Ducks in a row

An oats β-glucan clinical trial

December 13, 2020March 27, 2021 gettingwell4 5+ stars Premium, Epigenetics, Immune system, Memory, Stress Control group

This 2020 human study investigated effects of processing β-glucan:

“Nutritional advantages of oats compared to many other grains include gluten-free nature, high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein composition which complements that of pulses, and substantiated health effects of fibers, specifically oat β-glucan. Novel oat products, which are often semi-solid or liquid, generally need alterations of the physicochemical properties of oats.

The hypothesis in this study [Clinical trial NCT02764931] was that bioprocessing of oat bran with enzyme treatment, causing depolymerization of β-glucan, affects nutritional properties of bran and functional properties of β-glucan in human gastrointestinal tract.

The study meal consisted of oat bran concentrate treated with a commercial food-grade cell wall degrading enzyme preparation at 1 or 50 nkat β-glucanase g^-1 dm^-1. A control sample was prepared in the same way without added enzymes. Average MW [molecular weight] of β-glucan in:

Control oat bran concentrate was >1000 kDa [weight in kilodaltons] (High MW);

1 nkat g^-1 dm^-1-treated 524 kDa (Medium MW); and

50 nkat g^-1 dm^-1-treated 82 kDa (Low MW).

Results of this study supported the hypothesis that alteration of oat β-glucan MW with enzymatic treatment affects nutritional properties of oat bran and functional properties of β-glucan in the human gastrointestinal tract:

A High MW β-glucan meal resulted in the highest excretion of fecal bile acids, and the lowest excretion of phenolic compounds in urine.

A Low MW β-glucan meal resulted in the lowest excretion of fecal bile acids, but the highest excretion of phenolic compounds, especially ferulic acid, in urine.

Medium MW β-glucan was similar to High MW β-glucan in that it resulted in high excretion of fecal bile acids and low excretion of phenolic compounds to urine, but mean pressure in the duodenum was closer to Low MW than to High MW meal.

Perceived gut well-being after consumption of each meal did not differ between meals, but varied between genders, which should be further investigated.”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814620320811 “Effect of oat β-glucan of different molecular weights on fecal bile acids, urine metabolites and pressure in the digestive tract – A human cross over trial” (not freely available)

I eat 81 grams of steel-cut oats every morning, which is represented by this study’s high-molecular-weight control. Take responsibility for your one precious life.

No β-glucan for dolphins or seagulls

A broccoli sprouts study that lacked evidence for human applicability

December 12, 2020December 13, 2020 gettingwell4 0-1 star Wasted resources, Brain development, Epigenetics, Telomeres Control group, Critical period, DNA methylation, Embryo development, Genetic factors, Infants

A 2020 study Combined Broccoli Sprouts and Green Tea Polyphenols Contribute to the Prevention of Estrogen Receptor–Negative Mammary Cancer via Cell Cycle Arrest and Inducing Apoptosis in HER2/neu Mice (not freely available) conclusion was:

“Lifelong BSp [broccoli sprouts] and GTP [green tea polyphenol] administration can prevent estrogen receptor–negative mammary tumorigenesis through cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis in HER2/neu mice.”

These researchers had unaddressed insufficiencies in this study that were also in their 2018 study as curated below. The largest item that required translation into human applicability was rodent diet content of 26% “broccoli sprout seeds.”

You may be surprised to read the below previous study’s unevidenced advice to eat double the weight of broccoli sprouts that I eat every day. You won’t be surprised that it’s not going to happen. Especially when no alternatives were presented because rodent diet details weren’t analyzed and published.

Sulforaphane is an evolved defense mechanism to ward off predators, and eating it is evolutionarily unpleasant. Will people in general and pregnant women in particular eat a diet equivalent to 26% “broccoli sprout seeds?”

Where were peer reviewer comments and researcher responses? Are these not public as they are by all Open Access journals hosted on https://www.mdpi.com/?

Sponsors and researchers become locked into paradigms that permit human-inapplicable animal research year after year. What keeps them from developing sufficient human-applicable evidence to support their hypotheses?

This 2018 Alabama rodent study investigated the epigenetic effects on developing breast cancer of timing a sulforaphane-based broccoli sprouts diet. Timing of the diet was as follows:

Conception through weaning (postnatal day 28), named the Prenatal/maternal BSp (broccoli sprouts) treatment (what the mothers ate starting when they were adults at 12 weeks until their pups were weaned; the pups were never on a broccoli sprouts diet);
Postnatal day 28 through the termination of the experiment, named the Postnatal early-life BSp treatment (what the offspring ate starting at 4 weeks; the mothers were never on a broccoli sprouts diet); and
Postnatal day 56 through the termination of the experiment, named the Postnatal adult BSp treatment (what the offspring ate starting when they were adults at 8 weeks; the mothers were never on a broccoli sprouts diet).

“The experiment was terminated when the mean tumor diameter in the control mice exceeded 1.0 cm.

Our study indicates a prenatal/maternal BSp dietary treatment exhibited maximal preventive effects in inhibiting breast cancer development compared to postnatal early-life and adult BSp treatments in two transgenic mouse models that can develop breast cancer.

Postnatal early-life BSp treatment starting prior to puberty onset showed protective effects in prevention of breast cancer but was not as effective as the prenatal/maternal BSp treatment. However, adulthood-administered BSp diet did not reduce mammary tumorigenesis.

The prenatal/maternal BSp diet may:

Primarily influence histone modification processes rather than DNA methylation processes that may contribute to its early breast cancer prevention effects;

Exert its transplacental breast cancer chemoprevention effects through enhanced histone acetylation activator markers due to reduced HDAC1 expression and enzymatic activity.

This may be also due to the importance of a dietary intervention window that occurs during a critical oncogenic transition period, which is in early life for these two tested transgenic mouse models. Determination of a critical oncogenic transition period could be complicated in humans, which may partially explain the controversial findings of the adult BSp treatment on breast cancer development in the tested mouse models as compared the previous studies. Thus long-term consumption of BSp diet is recommended to prevent cancers in humans.”

“The dietary concentration for BSp used in the mouse studies was 26% BSp in formulated diet, which is equivalent to 266 g (~4 cups) BSp/per day for human consumption. The concentration of BSp in this diet is physiological available and represents a practical consumption level in the human diet.

Prior to the experiment, we tested the potential influences of this prenatal/maternal BSp regimen on maternal and offspring health as well as mammary gland development in the offspring. Our results showed there was no negative effect of this dietary regimen on the above mentioned factors (data not shown) suggesting this diet is safe to use during pregnancy.”

I didn’t see where the above-labelled “Broccoli Sprout Seeds” diet content was defined. It’s one thing to state:

“SFN as the most abundant and bioactive compound in the BSp diet has been identified as a potent HDAC inhibitor that preferably influences histone acetylation processes.”

and describe how sulforaphane may do this and may do that, and include it in the study’s title. It’s another thing to quantify an animal study into findings that can help humans.

The study’s food manufacturer offers dietary products to the public without quantifying all contents. Good for them if they can stay in business by serving customers who can’t be bothered with scientific evidence.

Any difference between the above-labelled “Broccoli Sprout Seeds” and broccoli seeds? Where was any evidence that “Broccoli Sprout Seeds” and SPROUTED “Broccoli Sprout Seeds” were equivalent per this claim:

“Equivalent to 266 g (~4 cups) BSp/per day for human consumption. The concentration of BSp in this diet is physiological available and represents a practical consumption level in the human diet.”

To help humans, this animal study had to have more details than the food manufacturer provided. These researchers should have either tasked the manufacturer to specify “Broccoli Sprout Seeds” content, or contracted out analysis if they weren’t going to do it themselves.

Regarding timing of a broccoli sprouts diet for humans, this study didn’t provide evidence for recommending:

“Long-term consumption of BSp diet is recommended to prevent cancers in humans.”

http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2018/05/15/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0423.full-text.pdf “Temporal efficacy of a sulforaphane-based broccoli sprout diet in prevention of breast cancer through modulation of epigenetic mechanisms”

Sprouting oats

December 12, 2020December 26, 2020 gettingwell4 4-5 stars Advanced knowledge, Epigenetics, Immune system, Stress Control group, Embryo development, Genetic factors, Neurodegenerative disease

Three 2020 studies investigated properties of sprouted oats. This first study compared one oat cultivar’s seed and sprout contents for phenolic compounds, and evaluated oat sprouts’ protection against developing colon cancer:

“The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether sprouted oats (SO) of the Turquesa variety still possessed effective physiologically bioactive compounds, i.e., phenolics, flavonoids, AVAs [avenanthramides], and phytosterols, and whether it exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the capacity to improve relevant intestinal parameters, in an AOM [azoxymethane] / DSS [dextran sulfate sodium]-induced CRC [colorectal cancer] mouse model.

Suboptimal intake of whole grains (38 g/d) was associated with CRC burden across 16 European countries. An optimal intake of 50–100 g/d was considered in our study to establish the dose administered in the AOM/DSS-induced CRC mouse model (75 g/d).

Seeds (100 g) were soaked in distilled water for 12 h then watered daily. Temperature and relative humidity were set at 25 °C and 60%. Germination was performed in darkness for five days. Germination percentage was determined based on total number of fully emerged seedlings.

We reached 100% of germination and a radicle length of 6.47 ± 0.22 cm. Sprouts were dried at 50 °C for 12 h, milled to a particle size of 0.5 mm, and stored at 4 °C until analyses.

Protein and lipid contents were higher in SO, whereas carbohydrate and ash contents were lower. A more than four-fold increase [0.64 mg/g to 2.79 mg/g] in TPC [total phenolic compounds] was obtained after five days.

We identified AVA-D as the most abundant AVA, followed by AVA-L, which had not been reported as one of the three most abundant AVAs in other oat varieties. Of the three most abundant AVAs previously reported, only AVA-B had a higher abundance in germination.

Phytic acid, an antinutritional compound present in oats, was 10 times lower in oat sprouts. Phytic acid has its content decreased by 15%–35% during even a short three-day germination due to activation of phytase activity. Although high doses of phytic acid inhibit absorption of metals and minerals in humans, it has been observed that, in small doses, it can function as a protective factor in several chronic degenerative diseases.

Mice in groups 3 and 4 were gavaged every morning with phenolic-AVA extract (0.084 mg GAE) and 30 mg of SO, respectively. We observed a mild anti-inflammatory effect of SO and AVA treatments, and a reduced adenocarcinoma incidence of 52.5% and 21.3%, respectively.

SO was more efficient in activating the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway compared to treatment with AVA. Oat phenolic compounds together with β-glucans may be acting synergistically, thus offering greater protection for cancer prevention and treatment.”

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/2/169/htm “Chemopreventive Effect of the Germinated Oat and Its Phenolic-AVA Extract in Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium (AOM/DSS) Model of Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice”

The supplementary material developed this oat cultivar’s seed and sprout profiles for 138 phenolic compounds. It measured C-type AVAs, but not A-type AVAs.

This was my model study for Sprouting whole oats.

A second study was reviewed in Eat oats today! and repeated here:

“The first evaluation of anti-inflammation effects of A-type AVAs was published from our own group. Fifteen A-type AVAs from commercial sprouted oat products interacted with lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production and iNOS expression.”

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06812 “Quantitative Analysis and Anti-inflammatory Activity Evaluation of the A-Type Avenanthramides in Commercial Sprouted Oat Products” (not freely available)

Oat variety and sprout age weren’t available for the six sprouted oat products tested, so oat seed-to-sprout comparisons weren’t possible. A-type AVA comparisons among products were performed, but weren’t meaningful due to unknown varieties, ages, product processing, and storage.

A third study compared four grains’ sprouted and unsprouted contents:

“Seeds were soaked at 25°C in 1 L of distilled water for 20 (brown rice), 12 (sorghum and millet) and 8 h (oat), respectively. Hydrated grains were allowed to germinate with layering over wet cellulose pads in a humid chamber for 60 h at 25°C (oat seeds) or 30°C (brown rice, sorghum, and millet seeds) with 95% relative humidity.

All seeds derived from brown rice and oat were germinated after 48 h in the humid chamber. Germinated grains were dried at 50°C until reaching a moisture content of 10%. Sample seeds were milled to fine flour, screened through a 100-mesh sieve and stored at 4°C for further analysis.

After 60 h of germination, sprout length in sorghum and millet ranged from 8 to 24 mm, while sprouts obtained from brown rice and oat ranged from 3 to 6 mm.

Compared to raw flours, germinated flours derived from brown rice, sorghum, and millet had lower gelatinization enthalpy, whereas germinated oat flour showed higher gelatinization enthalpy.

During germination, enzymes are activated, catalyzing starch degradation, which may disrupt the double helical structure of starch. Consequently, less energy is required to unravel and melt double helices of starch in germinated flours. The increase in gelatinization enthalpy of germinated oat flour may be due to dissolution of hydrolyzed starch granules during germination.”

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10068-020-00770-2 “Influence of germination on physicochemical properties of flours from brown rice, oat, sorghum, and millet” (not freely available)

The first study sprouted oats for five days to full germination and a minimum radicle length of 6.25 cm. The third study sprouted oats to full germination in 60 hours and a 3 mm minimum total length.

At the same 25°C, with 60% relative humidity and daily watering, it took 120 hours to achieve full germination. With 95% relative humidity, it took half that time.

Was humidity a relevant difference in oat sprout growth? Would Choyang variety oat sprouts increase their minimum 3 mm total length more than 20 times between Hours 60 and 120 to match the minimum Turquesa radicle length?

This is a count of PubMed “oat sprout” search results, 20 results total:

A “broccoli sprout” search returned 648 results. Is oat sprout research just getting started?

Part 2 of The transgenerational impact of Roundup exposure

December 11, 2020December 13, 2020 gettingwell4 4-5 stars Advanced knowledge, Epigenetics, Memory, Stress Control group, DNA methylation, Embryo development, Inherited disease

This 2020 study followed up The transgenerational impact of Roundup exposure using the Washington State Unversity research group’s most recent methodology in DEET and permethrin cause transgenerational diseases:

“The herbicide glyphosate has been shown to promote epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of pathology and disease in subsequent great-grand offspring (F₃ generation). The current study was designed to identify epigenetic biomarkers for glyphosate-induced transgenerational diseases using an epigenome-wide association study.

Pathologies investigated included prostate disease [13 of 44 subjects], kidney disease [11 of 44], obesity [19 of 45], and presence of multiple disease [10 of 45]. Sperm were collected from F₃ glyphosate lineage males and used to identify specific differential DNA methylation regions (DMRs) and differential histone retention sites (DHRs).

The number of DHRs were less than the number of DMRs, and DHRs were found to have disease specificity. The combination of DMRs and DHRs is anticipated to facilitate pathology diagnosis.

Low sample number is a limitation in the current analysis. Potential higher variability in data needs to be considered.

This is one of the first observations of DHRs as potential biomarkers for disease. The current study used glyphosate induction of transgenerational disease as a proof of concept such environmental biomarkers can be identified and potentially used as diagnostics for disease susceptibility in the future.”

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15592294.2020.1853319 “Epigenome-wide association study for glyphosate induced transgenerational sperm DNA methylation and histone retention epigenetic biomarkers for disease”

Eat oats today!

December 6, 2020December 6, 2020 gettingwell4 4-5 stars Advanced knowledge, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Epigenetics, Hippocampus, Immune system, Limbic system, Memory, Neurochemicals, Serotonin, Stress Brain neurons, Control group, Genetic factors, Neural plasticity, Neurodegenerative disease

This 2020 food chemistry review provided phenolic-compound reasons to eat oats:

“Phenolamides result from the conjugation of hydroxycinnamic acids with amines. These products contain a variety of metabolic, chemical, and functional capabilities due to the large number of possible combinations among the parent compounds.

Of the currently known phenolamides, the most common are avenanthramides (AVAs), which are unique in oats. AVAs possess anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, anti-atherosclerosis, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, and neuroprotective properties.

Twenty-nine C-type AVAs have been identified in oats, and twenty-six A-type AVAs.

C-type AVAs in commercially available oat products range from 36.49-61.77 mg/kg (fresh weight).

A-type AVAs represent approximately 22.5% of total AVA levels in regular oats and 24.7-33.0% in commercial sprouted oats.

Steeping raw groats increased AVA concentrations.”

These reviews were referenced:

“Since publication of these two reviews, a few new studies reported AVAs’ beneficial health effects, mainly related to their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. AVAs can:

Significantly decrease IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in endothelial cells;

Inhibit IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation; as well as

Expression of adhesion molecules; and

Adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cell monolayer.

In 2020, the first evaluation of anti-inflammation effects of A-type AVAs was published from our own group. Fifteen A-type AVAs from commercial sprouted oat products interacted with lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production and iNOS expression.

Colloidal oatmeal’s natural components, AVAs, help to restore and maintain skin barrier function. AVAs are safe, well tolerated, and can be effective as adjuvant treatment in atopic dermatitis.

In one mouse model, a C-type AVA was able to mitigate many adverse effects of Alzheimer’s Disease. It restored hippocampal long-term potentiation and synaptic function, enhanced memory function, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 levels, reduced caspase-3 levels, and increased pS9GSK-3β and IL-10 levels.

AVAs downregulated expression of hTERT and MDR1, pro-survival genes for cancer cells, and COX-2 mRNA and PGE2 levels, known pro-inflammatory markers. AVAs induced apoptosis by activating caspases 8, 3, and 2.”

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02605 “The Chemistry and Health Benefits of Dietary Phenolamides” (not freely available)

Hadn’t thought about sprouting oats before this paper.

Clearing out the 2020 queue of interesting papers

December 1, 2020December 1, 2020 gettingwell4 2-3 stars Required further work, Acetylcholine, Brain development, Cerebrum, Cortisol, Dopamine, Epigenetics, Glutamate, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Immune system, Limbic system, Lower brain, Memory, Neurochemicals, Serotonin, Stress Antidepressants, Brain neurons, Control group, Critical period, DNA methylation, Embryo development, Genetic factors, Infants, Inherited disease, Neural plasticity, Neurodegenerative disease, Prefrontal cortex, Psychotropic medication

I’ve partially read these 39 studies and reviews, but haven’t taken time to curate them.

Early Life

Epigenetic clocks

Epigenetics

Aging

Broccoli sprouts

Zinc and broccoli sprouts – a winning combination

November 29, 2020August 7, 2021 gettingwell4 5+ stars Premium, Epigenetics, Immune system, Memory, Stress Control group

This 2019 study deserved better coverage than a one sentence mention in Reversal of aging and immunosenescent trends with sulforaphane:

“Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is one of the most common breathing disorders in sleep, with a high prevalence of 3–7% and severe consequences. It is characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) due to recurrent episodes of partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep, leading to blood hypoxemia, hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, augmented respiratory efforts, and increased sympathetic activity.

Our study is the first investigation of the combination of BSE [broccoli sprout extract] and Zn [zinc] – Nrf2 and MT [metallothionein] inducers – to protect against IH-induced cardiomyopathy. By effectively activating Nrf2, its downstream targets, and MT, this combination can ameliorate defects associated with IH-induced cardiomyopathy more effectively than monotherapies.

Mice were administered with BSE (equivalent to SFN [sulforaphane] 2 mg/kg) and/or Zn sulfate heptahydrate (5 mg/kg) by gavage from 8 weeks of age at a frequency of once every other day for 8 weeks. Doses used in this study are safe to convert to human doses. [2 mg x .081 x 70 kg = 11 mg sulforaphane; 5 mg x .081 x 70 kg = 28 mg zinc]

Heart mass was significantly lower in the IH-BSE/Zn group than in IH and IH-BSE groups. Heart mass / tibia length ratio was significantly lower in the IH-BSE/Zn group than in IH and monotherapy groups.

Treatment with BSE and/or Zn can ameliorate myocardial fibrosis associated with IH, to a certain extent, and combination therapy had the best antifibrotic effect among treatments.

BSE or Zn can significantly ameliorate myocardial inflammation induced by IH, but the combination provided a better anti-inflammatory effect.

We used 3-NT as an indicator of the severity of oxidative stress. 3-NT protein levels were significantly reduced in IH mice for all treatment groups, and reduction was greater in the combination treatment group.

Combination was more effective than monotherapies to activate Nrf2-mediated antioxidant function.

In Zn-treated and combination treatment groups, MT protein expression was significantly higher than in the IH group, and there was only a slight increase in the IH-BSE group.”

Combination of Broccoli Sprout Extract and Zinc Provides Better Protection Against Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Cardiomyopathy Than Monotherapy in Mice

One way to improve broccoli sprout compounds’ effects is to eat them with zinc. One way to improve zinc’s actions is to take it with broccoli sprouts.