It took three years to analyze the million+ pages of the Pfizer “success” they wanted to keep secret for 75 years. Here’s the definitive analysis that the FDA never did:
https://www.arkmedic.info/p/the-pfizer-job
Sulforaphane and malaria
A 2025 rodent study investigated sulforaphane’s capability as an adjunct with standard treatment to inhibit resistant malaria strains:
“In this study, we performed proteomic analysis on a range of sensitive and artemisinin-resistant parasites, revealing specific dysregulation of PfK13 protein abundance. Reduced PfK13 levels were linked to impaired hemoglobin digestion, decreased free heme levels, and consequently, decreased artemisinin activation. Artemisinin resistant parasites also exhibited elevated thiol levels, indicating a more reduced cellular state.
Modulation of PfK13 levels or localisation modifies glutathione (GSH) levels, and elevated GSH decreases artemisinin potency. Elevated levels of reduced GSH and its precursor γ-glutamyl cysteine (gGlu-Cys) were observed in resistant parasites, while oxidised glutathione (GSSG) was lower.
In mammalian cells, SFN conjugates GSH, either passively or through the activity of glutathione-S-transferases, and the SFN-GSH conjugate causes oxidative stress. In response to this stress, Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and interacts with the antioxidant response element (ARE) of target genes, resulting in expression of antioxidant genes, which induces an antioxidant response. However, P. falciparum has no identified Nrf2 orthologue and so likely lacks a KEAP1-Nrf2 mediated antioxidant response, which suggests that the SFN-GSH conjugate should only cause oxidative stress in parasites.
SFN has antioxidant properties for the host through activation of Nrf2. Therefore our molecule of choice would not only kill the parasite, but will boost the host antioxidant capacity. This differs from most other available pro-oxidants, which do not have this host antioxidant capacity.
5mg/kg SFN was found to be sufficient to significantly prolong the survival of artesunate-treated mice infected with parasites.
PfK13 mutations drive artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium parasites by enhancing antioxidant defences, which can be targeted by redox modulators such as sulforaphane. By leveraging SFN’s ability to induce oxidative stress and deplete thiol levels in parasites, this approach can enhance the efficacy of artemisinin and potentially restore its effectiveness against resistant strains.”
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.05.680568v1.full “PfK13-associated artemisinin resistance slows drug activation and enhances antioxidant defence, which can be overcome with sulforaphane”
Sulforaphane and skin aging
A 2025 rodent study investigated sulforaphane effects on natural skin aging:
“Aging is a multifactorial process that progressively impairs skin integrity by diminishing dermal fibroblast function, which is macroscopically manifested by wrinkling, laxity, and pigmentary abnormalities. The potential mechanism by which sulforaphane (SFN) delays intrinsic skin aging was explored through skin proteomic sequencing and immune cell infiltration analysis. Associations between SFN administration and phenotypic changes in skin aging, immune cell populations, and key signaling pathway targets were further examined.
WBC count results indicated that mice from the Aged group were significantly immunosuppressed. T cells occupied the main lymphocyte lineages.
The present study illuminated the skin protective mechanism of SFN by network pharmacology and proteomics analyses in a natural aging mouse model. SFN therapy showed significant alterations in skin structure, redox balance, and composition of immune cell populations after an intervention duration of 2 months.”
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.70281 “Integrative Network Pharmacology and Proteomics Decipher the Immunomodulatory Mechanism of Sulforaphane Against Intrinsic Skin Aging” (not freely available)
I rated this study Wasted resources for using sulforaphane doses not relevant to humans. I usually don’t curate such studies. Its lowest sulforaphane 50 mg/day dose is a ((50 mg * .081) * 70 kg) = 284 mg human equivalent.
I decided to curate it for its informative young controls vs. aged controls results in the above graphic. WBC counts are available on almost every standard human blood test.
This study’s young and aged groups per Grok: “A 2-month-old mouse aging for two more months (reaching 4 months) is approximately equivalent to a human aging from about 12–15 years to 17–21 years old. An 18-month-old mouse (human equivalent: ~45–50 years) aging for two months would be roughly equivalent to a human aging from ~45–50 years to ~51–58 years.”
Sulforaphane and migraines
A 2025 rodent study compared protective effects of sulforaphane and a migraine compound on nitroglycerin-induced migraines:
“Activation of trigeminal vascular pathways and the release of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) are central to migraine pathogenesis. The amylin‐1 (AMY1) receptor is expressed in key structures implicated in migraine mechanisms.
This study evaluated protective effects of sulforaphane (SFN) against nitroglycerin induced migraine in female mice, comparing its efficacy to the standard migraine medication, topiramate. Migraine was induced using nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg, i.p., administered every other day), and treatments included sulforaphane (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or topiramate (30 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a duration of 9 days.
Sulforaphane demonstrated significant improvements in behavioral symptoms such as photophobia, head grooming, and both mechanical and thermal allodynia. These behavioral changes were accompanied by reductions in serum levels of nitric oxide, CGRP, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines.
Histological analysis revealed that sulforaphane ameliorated nitroglycerin-induced damage in the trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Additionally, sulforaphane reduced AMY1 receptor expression in the medulla and inhibited its downstream signaling components, including phosphorylated ERK1/2, P38, and c‐Fos. Sulforaphane further enhanced the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway while suppressing the NF‐κB/NLRP3/caspase‐1 signaling cascade.
These findings indicate that SFN has a potential as a novel therapeutic candidate for migraine management by targeting the downstream signaling pathways of the AMY1 receptor.”
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ardp.70107 “The Role of the AMY1 Receptor Signaling Cascade in the Protective Effect of Sulforaphane Against Nitroglycerin-Induced Migraine in Mice” (not freely available)
This study’s Reference 34 was a 2016 study curated in Do broccoli sprouts treat migraines?.
Glucosinolate and isothiocyanate human interventions
A 2025 review covered human evidence from glucosinolate and isothiocyanate research through April 2025:
“Glucosinolates (GSLs) and their breakdown products, isothiocyanates (ITCs), are biogenesis compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, mediated through key pathways such as Nrf2, NF‐κB, and epigenetic regulation. However, their limited and variable bioavailability remains a key challenge. This review summarises the current clinical evidence on GSLs and ITCs, with a focus on their health effects and metabolic fate in humans.”
https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/16/2876 “Bioavailability, Human Metabolism, and Dietary Interventions of Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates: Critical Insights and Future Perspectives”
In the above graphic, notice how the inactive myrosinase column has no small intestine participation, but the active myrosinase column does. This point wasn’t adequately emphasized, that for complete effects, an individual has to do whatever they can to thoroughly chew or otherwise activate myrosinase to hydrolyze glucosinolates before swallowing.
Researchers don’t rely on individuals taking responsibility for their own health, of course. Just swallow these pills, we’ll do it for you, as if humans are lab rats. This lack of emphasis is understandable, if not optimal.
This review provided longish coverage of studies, which is preferable to the usual treatment of citing a reference without much explanation. Compare, for example, my longish curation of the 2023 Eat broccoli sprouts for your high intensity interval training with its reference 68 summary below:
“Another study investigated the effects of consuming GSL-rich broccoli sprout (GRS) supplements on oxidative stress and physiological adaptations to intense exercise training. In a randomised, double-blind, crossover design, nine healthy participants consumed either a GRS supplement (75 g of sprouts) or a placebo twice daily over a 7-day high-intensity interval training period. The findings revealed that GRS supplementation significantly reduced markers of oxidative stress, including carbonylated proteins in skeletal muscle and plasma myeloperoxidase levels, compared to the placebo condition. Furthermore, GRS intake led to reduced lactate accumulation during submaximal exercise and enhanced exercise performance, as indicated by a longer time to exhaustion during maximal exercise tests. At the molecular level, supplementation with GRS was associated with elevated Nrf2 protein levels in muscle tissue, suggesting activation of endogenous antioxidant defence mechanisms. In addition, GRS intake mitigated nocturnal hypoglycaemic episodes and lowered average blood glucose levels, indicating improved glucose regulation during intense training. Collectively, these results suggest that GRS supplementation may enhance physiological adaptations to high-intensity exercise by reducing oxidative stress and supporting metabolic homeostasis.”
Oats sprouts treat gut inflammation
A 2025 rodent study investigated differing effects of regular oats and oat sprouts to treat induced colitis:
“This study aims to test our hypothesis that germinated oats exert stronger anti-inflammatory effects than raw oats due to their higher levels of bioactive phytochemicals. First, the nitric oxide (NO) production assay was used to screen [22] commercially available oat seed products and identify the product with the highest anti-inflammatory activity after germination [for five days]. The selected oat seed product was then produced in larger quantities and further evaluated in an in vivo study using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemical extracts from germinated and raw oats.
The guideline states that for a healthy U.S.-style dietary pattern at a 2000 calorie level, a daily intake of 6 ounces of grains is recommended, with at least 3 ounces (84 g) coming from whole grains (WGs). For a 60 kg human, consuming 3 ounces of WGs per day translates to a 17.2 g/kg daily dose in mice. Given that the daily food intake of a 20 g mouse is approximately 2.5 g, the 17.2 g/kg daily dose corresponds to 14% of the total diet as WGs. Therefore, the 7 and 21% WG equivalent doses used in this study are relevant to human consumption.
Germination led to an overall increase in the content of all avenanthramides (AVAs) and avenacins (AVCs) as well as some avenacosides (AVEs):
- For AVAs, the compounds 2c, 2p, 2f, 2cd, 2pd, and 2fd significantly increased by 10.0-, 6.3-, 9.6-, 20.7-, 10.6-, and 4.6-fold, respectively, which is consistent with previous reports.
- This study is the first to report an increase in AVCs after germination, with AVC-A2, B2, A1, and B1 contents significantly increasing by 2.5-, 2.2-, 3.6-, and 4.2-fold, respectively.
- Although germination resulted in a decrease in certain AVEs, it significantly increased the levels of AVE-C, Iso-AVE-A, AVE-E, and AVE-F by 1.8-, 3.3-, 3.3-, and 5.0-fold, respectively. Notably, AVE-E has been previously reported to have the strongest anti-inflammatory activity among all of the major AVEs.
In summary, germination enhances the anti-inflammatory properties of oats in both cells and DSS-induced colitis in mice by increasing levels of bioactive phytochemicals. Correlation analysis showed a significant inverse relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and phytochemical content in feces, especially AVAs and their microbial metabolites.
The observation of a stronger anti-inflammatory effect in the low-dose germinated oat group compared with the high-dose group is intriguing and warrants further investigation. One possible explanation is the phenomenon of hormesis, where low doses of bioactive compounds can exert beneficial effects, while higher doses may lead to diminished efficacy or even adverse effects. Further studies involving a broad range of doses would be valuable to define the effective intake range and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms.
It is possible that AVAs, AVEs, and AVCs act synergistically to enhance the overall anti-inflammatory efficacy, potentially by targeting different inflammatory pathways or modulating each other’s bioavailability and activity. Further investigation into the synergistic interactions among these compounds is warranted.”
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c02993 “Phytochemical-Rich Germinated Oats as a Novel Functional Food To Attenuate Gut Inflammation”
I’ve eaten 3-day-old Avena sativa oat sprouts (started from 20 grams of groats) every day for 4.5 years now, and haven’t had gut problems. Here’s what they looked like this morning:
Get a little stress into your life, Part 2
A 2025 reply to a letter to the editor cited 56 references to elaborate on Part 1 and related topics:
“A positive effect does not necessarily mean benefit, and positive effects on individual organisms may mean adverse effects on other coexisting organisms. However, a vast literature shows that hormetic stimulation can result in benefits depending on the context, for instance, clear growth, yield, and survival improvement.
There is some energetic cost to support hormetic stimulation, with a likely positive energy budget, which might also have negative consequences if there is insufficient energy substrate, especially under concurrent severe environmental challenges. Moreover, hormetic preconditioning could be particularly costly when there is a mismatch between the predicted environment and the actual environment the same individuals or their offspring might face in the future.
Hormesis should not be unilaterally linked to positive and beneficial effects without considering dose levels. For any research to answer the question of whether a stimulation represents hormesis and whether it is beneficial, robust dose–response evaluations are needed, which should be designed a priori for this purpose, meeting the requirements of the proper number, increment, and range of doses.
Both additivity and synergism are possible in the hormetic stimulatory zone, depending also on the duration of exposure and the relative ratio of different components. This might happen, for example, when a chemical primes stress pathways (e.g., heat shock proteins and antioxidants), thus enabling another chemical to trigger hormesis (defense cross-activation) and/or because combined low subtoxicity may modulate receptors (e.g., aryl hydrocarbon receptor and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) differently than individual exposures (receptor binding synergy).
Moreover, even when stimulation occurs in the presence of individual components, stimulation may no longer be present when combined, and therefore, effects of mixtures cannot be accurately predicted based on the effects of individual components. There may be hormesis trade-offs; hormesis should be judged based on fitness-critical end points.
While often modeled mathematically, hormesis is fundamentally a dynamic biological process and should not be seen as a purely mathematical function, certainly not a linear one. Much remains to be learned about the role of hormesis in global environmental change, and an open mind is needed to not miss the forest for the trees.”
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5c05892 “Correspondence on ‘Hormesis as a Hidden Hand in Global Environmental Change?’ A Reply”
Reference 38 was a 2024 paper cited for:
“Hormetic-based interventions, particularly priming (or preconditioning), do not weaken organisms but strengthen them, enhancing their performance and health under different environmental challenges, which are often more massive than the priming exposure.
The catabolic aspect of hormesis is primarily protective whereas the anabolic aspect promotes growth, and their integration could optimize performance and health. The concept of preconditioning has also gained widespread attention in biomedical sciences.”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568163724004069 “The catabolic – anabolic cycling hormesis model of health and resilience” (not freely available)
Reference 40 was a 2021 review that characterized hormesis as a hallmark of health:
“Health is usually defined as the absence of pathology. Here, we endeavor to define health as a compendium of organizational and dynamic features that maintain physiology.
Biological causes or hallmarks of health include features of:
- Spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers and containment of local perturbations),
- Maintenance of homeostasis over time (recycling and turnover, integration of circuitries, and rhythmic oscillations), and
- An array of adequate responses to stress (homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, and repair and regeneration).
Disruption of any of these interlocked features is broadly pathogenic, causing an acute or progressive derailment of the system.
A future ‘medicine of health’ might detect perilous trajectories to intercept them by targeted interventions well before the traditional ‘medicine of disease’ comes into action.”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420316068 “Hallmarks of Health”
Sulforaphane as a senotherapy, Part 2
A 2025 rodent study by the same group as Part 1 investigated similar subjects from a different experimental angle of senotherapy effects on brain and behavior rather than cardioprotective effects of dasatinib / quercetin (a senolytic combination) and sulforaphane (senomorphic):
“This is the first study to analyze the effect of senotherapy in the brain of a model of chronic obesity in middle-aged female rats. D + Q reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines evaluated in the obesity model. It did not improve memory and learning nor the expression of molecules associated with the maintenance of synapses.
In contrast, sulforaphane (SFN), which without eliminating senescent cells, decreased pro-inflammatory factors, increased IL-10, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF, synaptophysin (SYP), and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), which, in turn, were associated with an improvement in behavioral tests in obese rats. This suggests that modulating the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), rather than eliminating senescent cells, might have better effects.”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488625001955 “Senotherapy as a multitarget intervention in chronic obesity: Modulation of senescence, neuroinflammation, dysbiosis, and synaptic integrity in middle-aged female Wistar rats”
Treating a stomach infection with sulforaphane
A 2025 rodent study integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses to investigate how sulforaphane treats a Helicobacter pylori infection:
“Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a microaerobic Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa. Approximately half of the global population is infected with this bacterium, and it is classified as a group 1 carcinogen.
However, H. pylori infection does not typically present with obvious symptoms in the early stages, making it difficult to detect. Daily dietary interventions may be a relatively effective method for its prevention and treatment.
This study established an H. pylori-infected mouse model, to which sulforaphane was orally administered. H. pylori-low-dose and H. pylori-high-dose represent 4 weeks of gavage with 5 mg/kg/d and 20 mg/kg/d of sulforaphane after H. pylori colonization.
Metabolomics and lipidomics analysis of the effects of sulforaphane treatment on mouse serum. Stacked bar chart of the metabolites regulated by (A) low-dose and (B) high-dose sulforaphane treatment compared to the differential metabolites between the control group and H. pylori group.
Results showed that H. pylori infection significantly altered host amino acid and lipid levels, specifically manifested as abnormal serum glycerophospholipids and metabolic imbalances of amino acids, bile acids, glycerophospholipids, ceramides, and peptides in the liver. Sulforaphane treatment reversed these metabolic abnormalities, with high-dose sulforaphane exhibiting more prominent regulatory effects.
High-dose sulforaphane effectively restored hepatic metabolic disorders of amino acids, bile acids, and lipids, and ameliorated abnormal serum glycerophospholipid profiles. Regulation of key pathways such as glycine metabolism and glutathione metabolism constitutes an important basis for sulforaphane’s anti-H. pylori infection effects.
This study provides a comprehensive metabolic basis for understanding the role of sulforaphane as a dietary intervention in preventing and managing H. pylori-associated gastric diseases and lays a foundation for subsequent clinical translational research.”
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/16/7791 “Therapeutic Effects of Sulforaphane on Helicobacter pylori-Infected Mice: Insights from High-Coverage Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analyses of Serum and Liver”
A human equivalent to this study’s low sulforaphane dose is (5 mg x .081) x 70 kg = 28 mg, which is achievable by eating broccoli sprouts every day. Quadrupling 28 mg to a human equivalent of the study’s high sulforaphane dose would involve additional supplementation.
Another way to support this study’s glycine metabolism findings without high-dose sulforaphane is to supplement betaine (trimethylglycine) so that the body requires less choline-to-glycine synthesis. A synergistic effect can be achieved with taurine supplementation that enhances cysteine availability for the tripeptide (glutamate, cysteine, and glycine) glutathione synthesis by requiring less cysteine-to-taurine synthesis.
Inulin vs. FOS
A 2025 clinical trial compared inulin glycemic effects with FOS effects. I won’t curate its gut microbiota results as these have unresolved measurement problems:
“In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind investigation to examine the impact of inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on glycemic metabolism in overweight/obese and healthy adults.
Inulin and FOS are both fructans composed of fructose units, but they differ in their degree of polymerization (DP) and chain length, which lead to differences in their physicochemical properties and physiological effects. Inulin typically has a longer chain length, with a DP ≥ 10, resulting in lower solubility and slower fermentation in the distal colon. FOS consists of shorter chains, with a DP 2 to 9, presenting higher solubility and undergoing rapid fermentation in the proximal colon. These differences affect their impact on short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, gut microbiota modulation, and subsequently results in different effects on host metabolism.
131 participants were recruited and randomized into three groups: inulin (N = 44), FOS (N = 43), and control (N = 44). Each group was conducted with a daily supplement of 15 g FOS, inulin, and maltodextrin as placebo and lasted for 4 weeks. Dosage was determined based on our previous clinical trials in the healthy young population, which reported using 16 g/day has no risk of adverse effects. Subjects were still recommended to take a half dose in the first 2 days to promote adaptation to the prebiotics and minimize gastrointestinal symptoms. Products were suggested to add to drinks such as coffee, tea, or milk.
Inulin significantly reduced glucose levels at 1 h and 2 h during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), increased fasting insulin, and lowered homocysteine (HCY) levels in overweight/obese individuals. These effects were not observed in healthy individuals.
In contrast, although FOS significantly decreased HCY, it did not improve glycemic metrics in either group.”
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-025-04189-6 “Differential effects of inulin and fructooligosaccharides on gut microbiota composition and glycemic metabolism in overweight/obese and healthy individuals: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial”
Prior research found:
“A 2010 gastrointestinal tolerance of chicory inulin products study indicated that 10 g/day of native inulin were well-tolerated in healthy, young adults. Over this dose would induce mild gastrointestinal symptoms.”
So a lead-in half-dose probably wouldn’t be needed for people to start a 10 gram inulin dose.
Activate Nrf2 with far-infrared light
A 2025 rodent study investigated effects of far-infrared light on Alzheimer’s disease models. I’ll focus on its Nrf2 findings:
“Far-infrared radiation (FIR) is commonly utilized as a complementary treatment of a range of disease, for example, insomnia and rheumatoid arthritis. In this research, we explored how FIR light impacts cognitive functions of TgCRND8 AD mice and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanism.
Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic energy that has wavelengths between 750 nm and 1000 μm, which are longer than visible light. International Commission on Illumination categorizes infrared light as three sub-divisions according to the wavelength: (1) near-infrared radiation (0.7–1.4 μm), (2) middle infrared radiation (1.4–3.0 μm), and (3) far-infrared radiation (3.0–1000 μm).
Nrf-2/ HO-1 signaling, a key endogenous antioxidant system, helps mitigate oxidative stress and enhances expression of various endogenous genes. Activation of HO-1 during inflammatory conditions may serve as an adaptive response to reduce cytotoxicity through various mechanisms.
In this study, we applied EFFIT LITE® as the FIR spectrum transmitter which stably radiates an FIR spectrum with a wavelength of 4–20 μm, and the device was put within 1 cm directly above the head of the 3-month-old TgCRND8 mice for 30 min exposure once every day. FIR light notably enhanced cognitive function and spatial memory of TgCRND8 mice after 28-days consecutive treatment.
Underlying molecular mechanisms involve suppression of Aβ deposition, hyperphosphorylation of tau, and neuroinflammation through modulating Jak-2/Stat3 and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways. Our current experimental findings amply indicate that FIR light is a potential non-pharmacological therapy for AD.”
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12017-025-08860-2“Far-Infrared Radiation Ameliorates the Cognitive Dysfunction in an Alzheimer’s Disease Transgenic Mouse via Modulating Jak-2/Stat3 and Nrf-2/HO-1 Pathways”
This study measured Nrf2 and its quickly-induced downstream enzyme HO-1 effects of daily far-infrared light exposure for 30 minutes. We’d have to see measurements of Nrf2’s more-slowly induced and longer-lasting downstream xenobiotic detoxifying enzyme NQO1 to compare far-infrared light Nrf2 activation effects with those of natural plant compounds.
Plasmapheresis doesn’t reduce biological age
A 2025 clinical trial investigated effects of plasmapheresis as measured with epigenetic clocks:
“This study aimed to assess whether plasmapheresis without volume replacement with young plasma or albumin affects epigenetic age and other biomarkers in healthy adults. No significant epigenetic rejuvenation was observed based on epigenetic clock measurements. Instead, plasmapheresis was associated with increases in DNAmGrimAge, the Hannum clock, and the Dunedin Pace of Aging.
- The relatively small sample size of 34 finishing participants comprising of first-time plasma donors limits the statistical power and generalizability of our findings.
- Our cohort was restricted to individuals aged 40 to 60 years in accordance with Czech regulatory guidelines, which, although intentional to focus on an older population where rejuvenating effects might be most apparent, constrains evaluation of age-related differences across a broader demographic.
- The 18-week duration of the study, while sufficient to detect rapid alterations in key biomarkers under an intensive plasmapheresis protocol, may not fully capture the long-term implications of these changes.
- Due to our trial taking place during spring and summer months, we cannot fully separate the effects of increased sunlight exposure, outdoor physical activity, and dietary changes from the observed rises in Vitamin D and concurrent shifts in DNAm-based aging metrics. We did not collect objective measures of activity or diet, so these factors remain potential confounders.
The protocol of donating plasma every two weeks, although deemed safe by many countries around the world, is not yet well researched and cannot therefore be marked as benefiting to the donor right now. Further refinement to balance clearance of pro-aging factors with maintenance of systemic homeostasis is needed.”
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-05396-0 “Human clinical trial of plasmapheresis effects on biomarkers of aging (efficacy and safety trial)”
Broccoli sprouts and your dog
This 2025 opinion paper compared nine broccoli sprouts supplements for dogs:
“Broccoli sprouts are key elements of 9 dietary supplements for dogs. Feeding directions of 6 products correspond with consumption of dry food containing 0.5 to 29 g dried broccoli sprouts/kg. Seven supplements claim to supply sulforaphane and to possess anti-inflammatory and/or anti-cancer effects.
Directions for use of a sulforaphane-producing supplement read as follows: ‘One chewable tablet daily for dogs of all sizes, six months and older. Tablets should be given on an empty stomach at least two hours after a meal or one hour before a meal.’
There was no information found on feeding studies in dogs, addressing the impact of broccoli sprouts on health. In mice, dietary, whole-broccoli sprouts counteracted development of mammary and prostate cancer. Weights of dried broccoli sprouts in these mouse studies were 150 and 260 g/kg dry food, much higher levels than equivalents of feeding instructions for dog supplements. Species contrast and high dose blunt extrapolation of results to dogs.
The Veterinary Clinical Trials Registry of the American Veterinary Medical Association has announced that recruiting has finished for a study entitled “Sulforaphane supplementation in canine lymphoma and evaluation of epigenetic proteomic profiles”. https://veterinaryclinicaltrials.org/study/VCT17004227
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393656647_Beynen_AC_2025_Broccoli_sprouts_in_dog_nutrition “Beynen AC, 2025. Broccoli sprouts in dog nutrition” (registration required)
The author’s use of ResearchGate is mainly to publish opinion pieces on pet animal nutrition. This doesn’t require high fees of regular journals, but also bypasses peer review.
I appreciate comparisons to rodent studies, which often intentionally overdose, and so have no relevance to humans and other mammals. His 2025 pet nutrition papers include broccoli, glyphosphate, zinc, copper, and PFAS subjects.
Betaine as an exercise mimetic
A 2025 human study investigated effects of long-term exercise:
“Exercise has well-established health benefits, yet its molecular underpinnings remain incompletely understood. We conducted an integrated multi-omics analysis to compare effects of acute vs. long-term exercise in healthy males.
Acute exercise induced transient responses, whereas repeated exercise triggered adaptive changes, notably reducing cellular senescence and inflammation and enhancing betaine metabolism. Exercise-driven betaine enrichment, partly mediated by renal biosynthesis, exerts geroprotective effects and rescues age-related health decline in mice.
Betaine binds to and inhibits TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), retarding the kinetics of aging.
Betaine effectively alleviated senescence phenotypes by reduced senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal)-positive cells, decreased p21 expression, lowered DNA damage indicator γ-H2A.X, and elevated heterochromatin mark H3K9me3. Betaine treatment also enhanced cellular antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by increased NRF2 phosphorylation and reduced ROS accumulation.
These findings systematically elucidate the molecular benefits of exercise, and position betaine as an exercise mimetic for healthy aging.”
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.001 “Systematic profiling reveals betaine as an exercise mimetic for geroprotection” (not freely available) Thanks to Dr. Weimin Ci for providing a copy.
Taurine and mitochondrial health
A 2025 review subject was taurine’s beneficial effects on mitochondria:
“Taurine has multiple and complex functions in protecting mitochondria against oxidative-nitrosative stress. We introduce a novel potential role for taurine in protecting from deuterium (heavy hydrogen) toxicity. This can be of crucial impact to either normal or cancer cells that have highly different mitochondrial redox status.
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen with a neutron as well as a proton, making it about twice as heavy as hydrogen. We first explain the important role that the gut microbiome and gut sulfomucin barrier play in deuterium management. We describe synergistic effects of taurine in the gut to protect against deleterious accumulation of deuterium in mitochondria, which disrupts ATP synthesis by ATPase pumps.
Taurine’s derivatives, N-chlorotaurine (NCT) and N-bromotaurine (NBrT), produced through spontaneous reaction of taurine with hypochlorite and hypobromite, have fascinating regulatory roles to protect from oxidative stress and beyond. We describe how taurine could potentially alleviate deuterium stress, primarily through metabolic collaboration among various gut microflora to produce deuterium depleted nutrients and deuterium depleted water (DDW), and in this way protect against leaky gut barrier, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer.
Taurine cannot be metabolized by human cells, but gut microbes are able to break it down to release sulfite, which then gets oxidized to sulfate anions that become available to support synthesis of sulfomucins. Taurine protects against many diseases linked to mitochondrial defects, such as aging, metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders.
We present a novel view that gut microbes play an essential role in providing deuterium depleted (deupleted) nutrients, especially, butyrate, to the host colonocytes forming the gut barrier. We propose that sulfomucins synthesized by goblet cells not only protect the barrier from pathogens, but also trap and sequester deuterium, thus reducing mitochondrial deuterium levels, resulting in improved mitochondrial health.
Due to taurine, redox buffer glutathione (GSH) further stabilizes the membrane potential. GSH not only reduces radical oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress, but it also assists in production of deupleted water in mitochondria.
Spontaneous oxidation of two GSH molecules to produce GSSG in the presence of hydrogen peroxide yields two molecules of DDW. Just as for glutathione, bilirubin can produce DDW indefinitely through chronic recycling between bilirubin and biliverdin, capturing a deupleted proton in NADPH to produce a DDW molecule in each cycle.
A novelty that arises from this investigation is introduction of the role that deuterium plays in mitochondrial disease, and ways in which taurine may facilitate maintenance of low deuterium in mitochondrial ATPase pumps. Excess deuterium causes a stutter in the pumps, which leads to inefficiencies in ATP production and an increase in ROS.”
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11717795/ “Taurine prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and protects mitochondria from reactive oxygen species and deuterium toxicity”
Surface Your Real Self 